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Tocotrienols/Drug Interactions:- Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: Tocotrienols are a type of vitamin E. High-dose vitamin E (greater than 400 IU daily) appeared to increase PT and INR in patients with vitamin K deficiency, and inhibit platelet aggregation (58; 59; 60; 61; 62).
- Antidiabetic agentsAntidiabetic agents: In human research, PalmVitee® (high in tocotrienols) reduced plasma glucose (56).
- Antilipemic agentsAntilipemic agents: Based on in vitro and clinical evidence, tocotrienols may lower cholesterol levels (42; 46; 48; 72; 73; 5; 74; 75; 68; 76).
- Antineoplastic agentsAntineoplastic agents: Based on in vitro evidence, a combination of lovastatin and d-gamma-tocotrienol has been shown to block cell growth of melanoma cells, prostate carcinoma cells, and lung carcinoma cells (77). In another study, a mixture of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols inhibited the proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cells, effects that may be synergistic with tamoxifen (78). Based on animal evidence, a combination of lovastatin and d-delta-tocotrienol resulted in lower tumor weights in mice (77).
- Cytochrome P450: substrates, inhibitors, inducersCytochrome P450: substrates, inhibitors, inducers: Based on secondary sources, tocopherols and tocotrienols are metabolized by side chain degradation initiated by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-catalyzed omega-hydroxylation followed by beta-oxidation (79). Examples of CYP4F2-metabolized drugs and herbs include vitamin K, warfarin, and statins. Based on gene expression analysis, delta-tocotrienol increased CYP1A1 gene, a phase I enzyme (80).
- Gastrointestinal agentsGastrointestinal agents: Halliwell et al. have reviewed the potential beneficial effects of tocotrienols on the gastrointestinal tract (81).
- Immunomodulating agentsImmunomodulating agents: The ability of tocotrienols to interfere with mast cell proliferation, survival, degranulation, and migration has been reviewed (82).
- Neuroprotective agentsNeuroprotective agents: Research has suggested that alpha-tocotrienol is more potent than alpha-tocopherol in vitro in protecting HT4 and primary neuronal cells against toxicity induced by glutamate as well as by a number of other toxins (19). At nanomolar concentrations, tocotrienol, but not tocopherol, completely protected neurons by an antioxidant-independent mechanism.
- StatinsStatins: Based on in vitro evidence, a combination of lovastatin and d-gamma-tocotrienol has been shown to block cell growth of melanoma cells, prostate carcinoma cells, and lung carcinoma cells (77).
- Weight loss agentsWeight loss agents: Based on secondary sources, alpha- and gamma-tocotrienol may help prevent immature fat cells from turning into mature fat cells. This would prevent the storage of more fat and may help prevent obesity.
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Tocotrienols/Herb/Supplement Interactions:- Anticoagulants and antiplateletsAnticoagulants and antiplatelets: Tocotrienols are a type of vitamin E. High-dose vitamin E (greater than 400 IU daily) appeared to increase PT and INR in patients with vitamin K deficiency, and inhibit platelet aggregation (58; 59; 60; 61; 62).
- AntilipemicsAntilipemics: Based on in vitro and clinical evidence, tocotrienols may lower cholesterol levels (42; 46; 48; 72; 73; 5; 74; 75; 68; 76).
- AntineoplasticsAntineoplastics: Based on in vitro evidence, a combination of lovastatin and d-gamma-tocotrienol has been shown to block cell growth of melanoma cells, prostate carcinoma cells, and lung carcinoma cells (77). In another study, a mixture of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols inhibited the proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cells, effects that may be synergistic with tamoxifen (78). Based on animal evidence, a combination of lovastatin and d-delta-tocotrienol resulted in lower tumor weights in mice (77).
- AntioxidantsAntioxidants: Based on in vitro evidence, tocotrienol may exert antioxidant effects, as evidenced by inhibition of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GST P1-1) (36) and reactions with peroxyl radicals in circulating human lipoproteins (37).
- Citrus flavonoidsCitrus flavonoids: Based on animal evidence, citrus flavonoids, when combined with tocotrienols, may inhibit proliferation of mammary tumors (83).
- Cytochrome P450: substrates, inhibitors, inducersCytochrome P450: substrates, inhibitors, inducers: Based on secondary sources, tocopherols and tocotrienols were metabolized by side chain degradation initiated by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-catalyzed omega-hydroxylation followed by beta-oxidation (79). Examples of CYP4F2-metabolized drugs and herbs include vitamin K, warfarin, and statins. Based on gene expression analysis, delta-tocotrienol increased CYP1A1 gene, a phase I enzyme (80).
- Gastrointestinal herbs and supplementsGastrointestinal herbs and supplements: Halliwell et al. reviewed the potential beneficial effects of tocotrienols on the gastrointestinal tract (81).
- HypoglycemicsHypoglycemics: In human research, PalmVitee® (high in tocotrienols) reduced plasma glucose (56).
- Immunomodulating herbs and supplementsImmunomodulating herbs and supplements: The ability of tocotrienols to interfere with mast cell proliferation, survival, degranulation, and migration has been reviewed (82).
- Neuroprotective herbs and supplementsNeuroprotective herbs and supplements: Research has suggested that alpha-tocotrienol is more potent than alpha-tocopherol in vitro in protecting HT4 and primary neuronal cells against toxicity induced by glutamate as well as by a number of other toxins (19). At nanomolar concentrations, tocotrienol, but not tocopherol, completely protected neurons by an antioxidant-independent mechanism.
- Weight loss agentsWeight loss agents: Based on secondary sources, alpha- and gamma-tocotrienol may help prevent immature fat cells from turning into mature fat cells. This would prevent the storage of more fat and may help prevent obesity.
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Tocotrienols/Food Interactions:- CitrusCitrus: Based on animal evidence, citrus flavonoids, when combined with tocotrienols, may inhibit proliferation of mammary tumors (83).
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Tocotrienols/Lab Interactions:- CholesterolCholesterol: The cholesterol-lowering effects of tocotrienols have been reviewed (42; 46; 48; 72; 73; 5). Clinical support is lacking.
- C-reactive proteinC-reactive protein: Based on various reviews, decreases in C-reactive protein may be partially responsible for the cardioprotective effects of tocotrienols (22; 23).
- CytokinesCytokines: Based on various reviews, decreases in proinflammatory cytokines may be partially responsible for the cardioprotective effects of tocotrienols (22; 23).
- GlucoseGlucose: In human research, PalmVitee® (high in tocotrienols) reduced plasma glucose (56).
- IkappaB kinase-associated protein gene (IKBKAP) mRNA levelsIkappaB kinase-associated protein gene (IKBKAP) mRNA levels: IKBKAP levels were not shown to be altered in patients with familial dysautonomia who received tocotrienols (84).
- PT/INRPT/INR: Tocotrienols are a type of vitamin E. High-dose vitamin E (greater than 400 IU daily) appeared to increase PT and INR in patients with vitamin K deficiency, and inhibit platelet aggregation (58; 59; 60; 61; 62).
- Tocotrienols and tocopherolsTocotrienols and tocopherols: Based on clinical evidence, tocotrienol-rich vitamin E supplementation resulted in significantly increased alpha-, delta-, and gamma-tocotrienol concentrations (75).
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Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (www.naturalstandard.com)
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The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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